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PSSE

Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercises

Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercises, or PSSE, are individualised exercise approaches designed for people living with scoliosis and related spinal changes such as kyphosis.

PSSE focuses on:

  • Three-dimensional self-correction of the spine

  • Improving postural awareness

  • Targeted muscle activation and trunk stability

  • Integrating corrective strategies into daily life

PSSE is not a single technique. It is a category of evidence-informed methods that share common principles.

Recognised schools include (but not limited t0):

  • Schroth Method, Germany

  • BSPTS Rigo Concept, Spain

  • SEAS, Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis, Italy

  • Lyon, France

  • DoboMed, Poland

  • FITS, Poland

  • Side Shift, UK

International organisations such as SOSORT support the role of PSSE within conservative scoliosis care.

As a physiotherapist trained in BSPTS by the Rigo Concept, I use these principles within my clinical scope to guide individualised assessment and exercise planning.


PSSE Goals for Adult Scoliosis

The goals of PSSE vary depending on your age, curve history, and current concerns.

In general, PSSE aims to:

  • Improve postural alignment and body awareness

  • Address muscle imbalances and improve trunk stability

  • Reduce pain and disability

  • Support breathing mechanics

  • Help maintain or slow structural changes where possible

  • Improve confidence in movement

PSSE does not aim to force the spine into a perfect shape. The focus is on teaching you how to work with your individual spinal pattern in a consistent and practical way.


How PSSE is Different from General Pilates or Gym Exercises

General Pilates and strength training are valuable forms of exercise. They improve overall strength, endurance, and movement confidence.


PSSE differs in one key way: it is curve-specific.

You first learn how to:

  • Recognise your individual spinal pattern

  • Actively self-correct in three dimensions

  • Maintain corrected alignment during breathing and static positions

Once you develop reasonable mastery of your corrective patterns, general Pilates or strength and conditioning work can be layered on, or, if you are already participating in these forms of exercise, refined to more confidently integrate your corrective patterns. This allows reinforcement of these improved patterns in more functional and load-based environments.

Over time, this supports the nervous system in adopting the new movement strategies more consistently in daily life.


PSSE for Adult Degenerative Scoliosis

Degenerative, or adult-onset, scoliosis usually develops later in life. It is commonly associated with disc changes, facet joint arthritis, and reduced bone density, most often in the lumbar or thoracolumbar spine.

The core principles of PSSE remain consistent. However, in this group the clinical focus shifts. The priority becomes function, comfort, and stability rather than significant structural change.

The intention is not dramatic curve reversal. Instead, the emphasis is on helping you move with more control and less strain in everyday life.

PSSE in this group is often part of a broader plan that may include bone health management, general strengthening, falls risks management and coordination with your medical team. Consistency with home practice remains an important factor in outcomes.


FAQ

Does PSSE work for posture, curve reduction, progression?

Posture and balance
Many adults notice changes in how they look and feel in standing and walking. Common examples include feeling more level through the shoulders, waist, and rib area, and feeling less twisted or “pulled” to one side.

Curve size on x-ray
Some adults see small Cobb angle changes. Many see little or no change, even when they feel stronger and function better. Small differences between x-rays also reflect normal measurement variation, so we usually consider symptoms, function, and postural measures alongside imaging.

Progression
PSSE often aims to improve how you manage daily load, movement patterns, and endurance. This supports longer term spine management. Outcomes vary between individuals, so it is not appropriate to promise that PSSE stops progression.

Does PSSE help pain and imbalances?

Pain and function
Pain reduction and improved day-to-day tolerance are common goals in adult PSSE. Many adults report less aching, better stamina, and more confidence with activities like sitting, walking, gym work, sport, and household tasks.

Shoulders, ribs, hips
PSSE often targets common asymmetries, such as one shoulder sitting higher, one hip feeling more prominent, or one side of the rib cage feeling compressed. You work on alignment, breathing, expansion, and strength in a more corrected position.

Early response
Some muscle soreness is common at the start. A good plan adjusts intensity and volume to your baseline and flare pattern.

Is PSSE suitable for adults of different ages and curve sizes?

Age range
Adults use PSSE across the lifespan. People in their 70s and 80s also take part when goals, overall health, and energy levels support it. The focus is often comfort, function, posture, and long term self-management, rather than large curve correction.

Curve severity
Curves of all sizes focus on improving posture and movement control. People with larger or stiffer curves often place more focus on symptom control, daily function, and strength.

How long does a program take, and what is involved?

Learning phase
A cluster of sessions close together to learn your curve specific corrections. This often starts in supported positions, then progresses to upright positions. Some people also work on breathing strategies during this phase.

Build phase
Regular sessions to refine technique, progress strength and endurance, and apply corrections to daily tasks like sitting, standing, lifting, and walking.

Maintenance Phase
Less frequent check-ins once you feel confident. Many adults keep a short routine as needed, especially during busy periods or flare ups.

Home practice
Home practice is usually part of the plan because PSSE is a skill. Consistency often matters more than long sessions. We choose a routine that fits your time, energy, and symptom pattern.

Can you learn PSSE at home using books, videos, apps, or online programs? Is it safe or effective without a trained clinician?

Guidance matters
PSSE is tailored to your curve pattern. Without assessment and feedback, it is easy to practise a correction that does not match your spine and rib cage shape. Some people unintentionally train more twist or more side shift, which sometimes increases discomfort.

Practical approach
You learn the foundations with a trained clinician, then you do most practice at home, with periodic reviews to refine technique and progress safely. Telehealth sessions often work well for form checks and program updates when local access is limited.

Online resources
Online resources suit education, reminders, and motivation. They work best as support for a program you already learned, rather than a replacement for individual assessment and teaching.

What differs between the PSSE schools (BSPTS Rigo Concept, ISST, Schroth Best Practice, Weiss, others)? Which approach should I choose?

Shared principles

  • 3D self-correction matched to your curve pattern

  • Breathing and rib cage expansion strategies

  • Stabilisation and strength in corrected alignment

  • Posture skills that carry into daily life

Common differences

  • Assessment and classification systems

  • Exercise progressions and teaching style

  • Use of props and hands on cueing

  • Session format, intensive blocks or spaced sessions

Choosing a good fit
Access to PSSE often feels limited, even as more clinicians complete PSSE training each year. What matters most is that your clinician is a registered health professional with recognised PSSE training, and that they tailor the plan to your goals and your spine.

Is there research showing PSSE helps adults with scoliosis?

What research looks like in adults
Research in adults is smaller than in adolescents. It includes randomised trials, cohort studies, pilot studies, and case series. Overall, the pattern suggests potential benefits for pain, disability, posture, and quality of life. Results vary between individuals.

Why results vary
Outcomes depend on factors such as curve pattern and stiffness, bone health, overall conditioning, work and lifestyle demands, and consistency of practice.

REFERENCES
  1. Negrini A, Negrini S, Romano M, et al. Scoliosis-Specific exercises can reduce the progression of severe curves in adult idiopathic scoliosis: a long-term cohort study. Scoliosis. 2015;10:20. doi:10.1186/s13013-015-0044-9 Full text (open access)

  2. Monticone M, Ambrosini E, Cazzaniga D, Rocca B, Ferrante S. Adults with idiopathic scoliosis improve disability after motor and cognitive rehabilitation: results of a randomised controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(10):3120-3129. doi:10.1007/s00586-016-4528-y Full text PDF (open access)

  3. Ng SY, et al. A Pilot Study on the Effect of Outpatient Schroth Exercises on Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Curves in Adult Scoliosis Patients. In: Physical Therapy Effectiveness. IntechOpen; 2017. Full text (open access)

  4. Ng SY, Ng YL. Impact of scoliosis-specific exercises in moderate to severe thoracolumbar curves in three postmenopausal women. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2024;36(12):817-822. doi:10.1589/jpts.36.817 Full text (open access)

  5. Sbihli A, Molinuevo A. Effectiveness of Rigo Concept PSSE in adult scoliosis. Oral presentation O30 at: SOSORT 2024 International Meeting; May 1–4, 2024; Boston, USA. SOSORT 2024 Abstract Book PDF

  6. Hjorth Elliott L, Winsløv Wied P. Reduction of pain and improvement of functionality in patients with degenerative scoliosis, using pattern specific scoliosis rehabilitation – prospective cohort study. Poster presentation at: SOSORT 2024 International Meeting; May 1–4, 2024; Boston, USA. SOSORT 2024 Abstract Book PDF

  7. Hjorth Elliott L, Winsløv Wied P, Kuru Colak T, Akcay B. Pain reduction and functional improvement in patients with degenerative scoliosis and low back pain through pattern-specific scoliosis rehabilitation: A prospective cohort study. Presented at: SOSORT 2025 International Meeting; April 2025; Dubrovnik, Croatia. SOSORT 2025 Abstract Book PDF

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